Editorial: The U.S., the Horn of Africa, and the 2026 National Defense Strategy

The Horn of Africa has re-emerged as a critical but carefully managed theater in U.S. grand strategy. While Washington’s 2026 National Defense Strategy (NDS) places primary emphasis on defending the U.S. homeland and deterring China in the Indo-Pacific, it also makes clear that Africa—particularly the Horn—matters insofar as it intersects with counterterrorism, maritime security, great-power competition, and allied burden-sharing  .

Rather than expansive nation-building or democracy-promotion campaigns, the current U.S. approach reflects strategic selectivity: limiting direct military exposure, empowering partners to take the lead, and intervening decisively only when core U.S. interests are threatened. This framework shapes Washington’s posture toward Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, and Eritrea—five states whose geography anchors the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, and western Indian Ocean.

Strategic Logic: Why the Horn Still Matters

Three strategic considerations drive U.S. engagement in the Horn of Africa.

First is counterterrorism. The NDS identifies preventing Islamic terrorist organizations from using regional safe havens to strike the U.S. homeland as Washington’s primary objective in Africa  . Somalia, home to al-Shabaab, remains central to this concern.

Second is maritime security. The Horn sits astride one of the world’s most vital trade corridors, linking the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. Disruptions—whether from terrorism, piracy, or regional conflict—carry global economic consequences, particularly as the United States seeks to ensure freedom of navigation amid wider instability.

Third is great-power competition. While Africa is not the main arena of U.S.–China rivalry, the NDS warns against ceding strategic terrain or influence to competitors. Chinese military and commercial footprints—most notably in Djibouti—are therefore closely watched through a containment-by-denial lens rather than direct confrontation.

Somalia: Counterterrorism Without Nation-Building

Somalia occupies a distinct place in U.S. strategy. Washington continues to view al-Shabaab as one of the few African-based groups with both the intent and potential capability to threaten U.S. interests directly. As a result, Somalia remains the primary location for U.S. kinetic counterterrorism actions in the Horn.

Yet the NDS makes clear that this engagement is resource-sustainable and limited. The United States is prepared to conduct direct strikes against high-value terrorist targets, but it expects Somali forces and regional partners to shoulder the bulk of stabilization and security responsibilities  . This reflects a broader shift away from open-ended military missions toward episodic, intelligence-driven interventions.

Politically, Washington supports Somalia’s federal institutions, but governance reform and reconciliation are treated as Somali-owned processes rather than U.S.-managed projects. The emphasis is on preventing collapse, not engineering transformation.

Ethiopia: Stability First, Alignment Second

Ethiopia is viewed less through a counterterrorism lens and more as a regional anchor state whose stability affects the entire Horn. Following the Tigray war and subsequent internal tensions, U.S. policy toward Addis Ababa has focused on de-escalation, preservation of state cohesion, and avoidance of renewed large-scale conflict.

The NDS does not position Ethiopia as a formal security ally, nor does it prioritize deep military integration. Instead, Washington’s approach is pragmatic: a stable Ethiopia contributes to regional balance, limits refugee flows, and reduces opportunities for extremist or rival-power exploitation. At the same time, U.S. policymakers remain cautious about Ethiopia’s growing partnerships with non-Western actors, particularly China.

In line with the NDS’s emphasis on burden-sharing, Ethiopia is expected to manage its own security challenges without large-scale U.S. military backing, while Washington retains diplomatic and economic leverage rather than hard-power commitments.

Djibouti: Strategic Terrain, Managed Competition

Djibouti is arguably the most strategically valuable real estate in the Horn. Hosting the only permanent U.S. military base in Africa—Camp Lemonnier—it is indispensable to U.S. operations spanning East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Indian Ocean.